Nature’s threads: creating clothes from the ground up

From risottos to sauces, mushrooms have long been a staple in the kitchen. Now fungi are showing the potential to serve up more than just flavour – as a sustainable, bendy material for the fashion industry.

Researchers are using the web-like structure of the mushroom’s root system – the mycelium – as an alternative to synthetic fibres for clothing and other products such as car seats. 

Futuristic fabric

‘It’s definitely a change of mindset in the manufacturing process,’ said Annalisa Moro, EU project leader at Italy-based Mogu, which makes interior-design products from the mycelium. ‘You’re really collaborating with nature to grow something rather than create it, so it’s kind of futuristic.’ 

Mogu, located 50 kilometres northwest of Milan, is managing a research initiative that received EU funding to develop nonwoven fabrics made of mycelium fibres for the textile industry. 

Called MY-FI, the project runs for four years through October 2024 and brings together companies, research institutes, industry organisations and academic institutions from across Europe.

MY-FI highlights how the EU is pushing for more sustainable production and consumption in the textile and apparel industry, which employs around 1.3 million people in Europe and has annual turnover of €167 billion. 

While getting most of its textiles from abroad, the EU produces them in countries including France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Italy accounts for more than 40% of EU apparel production. 

Delicate and durable

The mycelium grows from starter spawn added to crops such as cereals. The threadlike filaments of the hyphae, the vegetative part of the fungus, create a material that grows on top. 

It is harvested and dried, resulting in soft, silky white sheets of nonwoven fabric that are 50 to 60 square centimetres. 

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It’s definitely a change of mindset in the manufacturing process.

The delicate material is made stronger and more durable through the addition of bio-based chemicals that bind the fibres together. 

Its ecological origins contrast with those of most synthetic fibres such as nylon and polyester, which derive from fossil fuels such as coal and oil. 

That means production of synthetic fibres adds to greenhouse-gas emissions that are accelerating climate change. In addition, when washed, these materials shed microplastics that often end up polluting the environment including rivers, seas and oceans. 

The MY-FI mycelium needs very little soil, water or chemicals, giving it greener credentials than even natural fibres such as cotton. 

Dress rehearsal

For the fashion industry, the soft, water-resistant properties of the mycelium are as appealing as its environmental credentials. 

Just ask Mariagrazia Sanua, sustainability and certification manager at Dyloan Bond Factory, an Italian fashion designer and manufacturer that is part of MY-FI.

The company has used the mycelium-based material – in black and brown and with a waxed finish – to produce a prototype dress, a top-and-midi-skirt combination, bags and small leather accessories. 

Laser cutting and screen printing were used to evaluate the material’s behaviour.

The challenge was to adapt to the sheets of fabric – squares of the mycelium material rather than traditional rolls of textiles like cotton, linen and polyester – as well as properties such as tensile strength and seam tightness. 

‘We have had to completely change the paradigm and design processes and garments based on the material,’ said Sanua. 

The company hopes the mycelium material will be a way of offering consumers a range of products that can be alternatives to animal leather. 

‘It’s beautiful to see the prototypes,’ said Moro. ‘It’s a wonderful thing to see how many people with different backgrounds and perspectives are working together to create this result.’

For its part, Mogo is working towards a large-scale manufacturing plant to move the MY-FI material from the research stage to the market. While the material is currently relatively expensive to make, costs would fall with large-scale production.  

Leather-unbound

Meanwhile, Germany-based Volkswagen, the world’s No. 2 car manufacturer, is looking to mycelium technologies to reduce its environmental footprint and move away from leather for vehicle interiors. 

Customers increasingly want animal-free materials for interiors from seat covers and door panels to dashboards and steering wheels, so adding a sustainable substitute for leather is an exciting prospect, according to Dr Martina Gottschling, a researcher at Volkswagen Group Innovation.

‘A fast-growing biological material that can be produced animal-free and with little effort, which also does not require petroleum-based resources, is a game-changer in interior materials,’ she said.

The mycelium material is also lighter than leather, another positive for reducing VW’s carbon footprint.

The company’s involvement in MY-FI is driving project researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands and I-TECH Lyon in France to enhance the durability of the mycelium fabric. 

To move from prototype to production line, the fabric must meet quality requirements set by VW to ensure the material lasts for the life of the vehicle. 

It’s a challenge that Gottschling believes will be met in the coming decade. 

‘We already see the material as one of the high-quality materials for interior applications that will be possible in the future,’ she said. 

When life gives you tomatoes

Mushrooms aren’t the only food with the potential to spin a sustainable-yarn revolution.

Tomato stems have a hidden talent too, according to Dr Ozgur Atalay and Dr Alper Gurarslan of Istanbul Technical University in Turkey. 

Seeing tomato vines left to wither in the fields after the crop was harvested, Atalay and Gurarslan began to investigate whether the stems could be transformed into sustainable fibres.

Tests proved that the agricultural waste could indeed be turned into yarn.

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We are starting from waste.

But Atalay and Gurarslan were determined to go a step further. They wanted to use tomato stems to create a type of yarn for garments that monitor heart beats, respiratory rates and joint movements. 

The two researchers lead an EU-funded project to create this kind of electrically conductive apparel using – for the first time – sustainable materials. 

Called SMARTWASTE, the project runs for four years until the end of 2026 and also involves academic and research organisations from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland.

‘The beauty of the project is that we are starting from waste,’ said Atalay. ‘We are taking agricultural waste and not just creating regular textiles but something much more valuable.’

While cost estimates will follow later in the project when design partners work on creating actual products, he signalled that smart clothing will be a good deal more expensive than the ordinary kind. 

A smart textile shirt could cost as much as €1 000, according to Atalay.

The specialised material, limited production runs and research and development needed to create wearable technologies that are durable, washable and comfortable all contribute to the price tag.

Advancements in technology should eventually lead to lower production costs and consumer prices. 

Seeds of poplar success

The Turkish countryside has also inspired a second strand to the project.

Turkey’s abundant poplar trees and – more specifically – their white, fluffy cotton-like seeds prompted Gurarslan to investigate whether they could be a sustainable textile source. 

While their fibres have been dismissed as too short to make a yarn, the seeds have three particular properties that appeal to the textile industry: a hollow, pipe-like structure that can trap heat to provide thermal qualities, an antibacterial nature and water resistance. 

The network of SMARTWASTE experts has blended the seeds with recycled polyester to make a nonwoven fabric that the team intends to turn into textile products with enhanced thermal properties. 

The researchers hope this is just the start of a far-reaching transformation of textiles. 

‘Our goal is to train the next generation of researchers and innovators in sustainable textiles,’ said Atalay.

Research in this article was funded by the EU’s Horizon Programme including, in the case of SMARTWASTE, via the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA). The views of the interviewees don’t necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.